Along with other members of the order rodentia, rats and mice constituting the family muridae spread with man and his commerce from their origin in asia to all parts of the world. Strains can be termed inbred if they have been mated brother x sister for 20 or more consecutive generations, and individuals of the strain can be traced to a single ancestral pair at the 20 th or subsequent generation. The gestation period for laboratory mice is generally consistent within a strain but varies among. Genetic variants and strains of the laboratory mouse 2volume set 3rd edition by mary f. Selected blood serum biochemical indicators in twelve inbred strains of laboratory mice elzbieta wirthdzieciolowska1,3, jadwiga karaszewska1, tomasz sadowski2, kazimiera pysniak1, marta gajewska1 1 department of genetics and laboratory animal breeding, the maria sklodowskacurie memorial cancer centre and institute of oncology in warsaw. The nutrient requirements of mice have been defined by several different criteria including growth, reproduction, longevity, nutrient storage, enzyme activity, gross or histo suggested citation. Brown for the international committee on standardized genetic nomenclature for mice. Outbred mice have more genetic diversity, are more robust, and produce larger. A fair number of brother sister pairs have to be selected initially, because many of the attempts. A model for minimizing cost for housing laboratory mice by rajat agarwal august 2003 chair. The nia has long provided biological resources to the research community to facilitate research on the biology of aging. Beck 1,2, sarah lloyd 1,2, majid hafezparast, moyha lennonpierce 3. They are the most commonly used mammalian research model and are used for research in genetics, psychology, medicine and other scientific disciplines.
Jul 30, 2007 university of north carolina school of medicine. In homozygous mutant strains, wildtype mice of the same background strain must be used as controls. The laboratory mouse handbook of experimental animals. Eventually, the infection adults are asymptomatic, asymptomatically infected by inirnunity wanes at weaning. Mice can be stored in cages for future breeding, and the statistics of fur color are reported every time a pair of mice breed. Addresses and phone numbers for each are provided in the appendix. The current paradigm for genetic monitoring of inbred strains of mice and rats at commercial rodent breeders and many academic institutions is based on various molecular methods. Genetic and phenotypic definition of laboratory mice and. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. University of groningen species and strain differences in. General characteristics, such as life span, litter size, fecundity, overall health, and behavioral traits vary from strain to strain. For example, outbred mice such as icr are robust and produce large litters, while some inbred strains such as 129s6, are less robust and produce smaller litters. Laboratory mice, rats, and rabbits may harbor a variety of viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal agents.
Calhouns early crowding experiments, rats were supplied with everything they needed except space. Laboratory mice are usually of the species mus musculus. Behavioural measures provided evidence that, when paired, both strains of mice polarised into dominants and subordinates, with a higher overall incidence of aggressive acts in the bkw mice. Wild mice have exogenous retroviruses and these are the historic source of some laboratory strains, including friend, moloney and rauscher fmr viruses.
And, to create an inbred strain, a number of outbred mice are selected originally, then bred brother to sister for generations. Mathematically, an inbred strain has a genetic similarity coefficient of as high as 99% which, if genetics has the predominant effect on gm, should lead to high similarity between the gm of these host populations. The cryopreservation mating scheme is 129s4 females x heterozygous males. In almost all cases, the donor chromosome is the y. When maintained as a live colony, breeder pairs were distributed as heterozygotes. Breeding strategies for maintaining colonies of laboratory mice. Breed pure mice with known genotypes that exhibit specific fur colors, and learn how traits are passed on via dominant and recessive genes.
Jax mice strains are only made available to researchers after meeting our standards. Most popular jax mice strains the jackson laboratory. We found that cd1 mice had significantly higher corticosterone levels compared to bkw mice both before and after pairing. Dont give mice nesting materials that separate into thin strands, e. A total of about 230 strains are listed here, but some of the more widely used strains have become divided into sublines among which there are detectable genetic differences. Index of major mouse strains mouse genome informatics. According to cellular fatty acid analysis, inbred mice within the same strain show rather uniform gm. The laboratory mouse was derived from the common house mouse, mus musculus. Using these wildderived inbred strains of mice will. Genetic variants and strains of the laboratory mouse 2. Additionally the laboratory mouse continues to play a widely publicized vital role in the human genome project. Th ey are safe, reliable, economical, effi cient, and ensure that the. Exogenous viruses are horizontally transmitted through saliva, milk, semen like conventional viruses, but no longer exist in laboratory mice.
Most popular jax mice strains jax mice are the most published and well characterized mouse models in the world. In laboratory mice, this is accomplished through inbreeding. The jackson laboratory, charles river laboratories, taconic farms, and harlan laboratories are the main suppliers. Genetic background determines mouse strain differences in. Genetic variants and strains of the laboratory mouse.
These techniques have been developed and used by the jackson laboratory for nearly 80 years. Most strain names for congenic mice carrying spontaneous and targeted mutations, as well as for a few strains congenic for histocompatibility loci, have not followed standard congenic nomenclature for historical reasons. The goal of the imsr is to assist the international scientific community in locating and obtaining mouse resources for research. Consomic strains are a variation on congenic strains in which a whole chromosome rather than one local chromosomal region is backcrossed from a donor strain onto a recipient background. Agerelated reference intervals of the main biochemical.
Terms in this set 17 which of the following does not oversee research with laboratory strains of rats and mice. This wellillustrated edition offers new and updated chapters including immunology, viruses and parasites, behavior, enrichment. Pdf y chromosome and aggression in strains of laboratory. Genetic variants and strains of the laboratory mouse mary f. The laboratory mouse handbook of experimental animals usp.
Regardless of the level of llna response, all six mouse strains identified the sensitization potential of hca, tdi or dnfb. Selected blood serum biochemical indicators in twelve. These fancy mice then became subjects for research due to interest in the mechanisms of inheritance of these coat colors. Our most popular mouse models are available in the quantities you need to support your biomedical and drug discovery research. Mgiguidelines for nomenclature of mouse and rat strains. Despite the long time of selective breeding in captivity, the natural behavioural pattern of the wild mouse although less prevalent still persists. A rating scale for wildness and ease of handling laboratory. A more severe problem in people working with mice has been observed for more than 25 years.
Mice play a critical role in medical research technology. Colonies of laboratory mice a jackson laboratory resource manual this manual describes breeding strategies and techniques for maintaining colonies of laboratory mice. The jackson laboratory has rigorous genetic quality control and mutant gene genotyping programs to ensure the genetic background of jax mice strains as well as the genotypes of strains with identified molecular mutations. The jackson laboratory was founded in 1929 in bar harbor, maine, by former university of maine and university of michigan president c. The jackson laboratory or the jax as it is commonly abbreviated maintains an extensive mouse breeding facility with a very large collection of commonly used. Variation in the gut microbiota of laboratory mice is. Jax mice strain collections the jackson laboratory is home to thousands of genetically engineered mouse strains from every region of the research spectrum. Inbred strains, transgenic and congenic mice with inbred backgrounds are commonly used mouse models. Clinical signs depend on the strain of virus and are most evident in infant mice. A summary and overview of the mice and rats used in biomedical research, based on a survey of formal publications.
Many of these strains are products of the most preeminent programs in biology today. Development of the laboratory mouse began with pet fanciers who bred mice for their unique coat colors. A strain, in reference to rodents, is a group in which all members are as nearly as possible genetically identical. This paper expands the available strain data and provides a direct comparison of results between two rat strains and shows that it is worth considering age, sex and strain. Extensive uptodate references are provided throughout. We therefore evaluated these parameters in the c57bl6j, 129svev and c3hhej mice. Nioshtic2 publications search 20020862 comparison of. Hyperphalangy and polydactyly extra foot and toe bones occur at low incidence, hydrocephalus 4. Severity of group b streptococcal arthritis in selected. There are hundreds of established inbred, outbred, and transgenic strains. Great differences in systemic and local cytokine production were evident among the mouse strains after injection of 1.
Within the scope of experimental work with rodents, mice are not necessarily regarded as a species with a strong drive to cooperate. Fluorescein diffusion after intradermal injection of the dye in swiss, balbc and c57bl6j mice strains. Jax mice are the most published and well characterized mouse models in the world. However, many of the natural pathogens of these laboratory animals may alter host physiology, rendering the host unsuitable for many. Inbred mice have been used more extensively than those of any other species of laboratory mammal. Inbred strains of mice were used as disease models, long before the mouse genome project and transgenics. Jul 30, 2012 the laboratory mouse, second edition is a comprehensive book written by international experts.
Jax mice strain collections the jackson laboratory. At the same time, if mice of an inbred strain were randomly assigned to a technician in a single lab, the scales could be used to rate skill. Genealogies of mouse inbred strains washington university genetics. Jax mice are the highest quality and mostpublished mouse models in the world. Pdf y chromosome and aggression in strains of laboratory mice. The jackson laboratory is an independent, nonprofit organization focusing on mammalian genetics research to advance human health. Laboratory mice are the same species as the house mouse, however, they are often very different in behaviour and physiology.
Strains of laboratory mice more varied than previously thought. The case for genetic monitoring of mice and rats used in biomedical research. They can be placed back by allowing them to climb freely from the device into the cage figure 31. In one lab in china, scientists have used new genetic editing technology to create thousands of strains of mice for testing. A relatively inquisitive and intellegent strain of inbred mice.
Genetic variants and strains of the laboratory mouse 2volume set 3rd edition. This phenomenon, also called laboratory animal allergy laa, is a form of occupational allergic disease and includes a great number of laboratory animal species to which people may develop allergic reactions. The imsr is a searchable online database of mouse strains, stocks, and mutant es cell lines available worldwide, including inbred, mutant, and genetically engineered strains. Pages in category laboratory mouse strains the following 18 pages are in this category, out of 18 total. The laboratory mouse, second edition is a comprehensive book written by international experts. Transfer of single mice by hand for a short transfer of less than 23s, mice are gripped by the base of the tail, lifted up and carried to. C57bl, easily the most widely used strain, used as the genetic background for a large number of congenic strains.
Effects of strain, sex and age on immunophenotyping. The mouse was used as a laboratory animal as early as 1664, when robert hooke used one in his studies of the properties of air3. Natural pathogens of laboratory mice, rats, and rabbits. A new standard genetic map for the laboratory mouse. Since then, the number of genetically modified animals used in research has risen exponentially and their use has spread far beyond genetics and.
Click on the common strain name to view details on that strain. Frequently, these organisms cause no overt signs of disease. As of january 1, 2014, the nia will no longer charge users for the biological resources, nor any related shipping fees due to a new interpretation of the regulations that govern contracting. Which of the following is not recommended to protect yourself from injuries or allergies while. For much of the 20th century new strains of lab mice were created either by selective breeding or by chance. The laboratory mouse is a small mammal of the order rodentia which is bred and used for scientific research.
Visit the ordering information page for more information on the process of ordering mouse models from the nci mouse repository. The following strains are currently being distributed from the nci mouse repository. Recombinant inbred ri strains are sets of inbred strains created from sibmated f2 progeny produced by crossing mice from different inbred progenitor strains, such as c57bl6j and dba2j. One of the most timeconsuming activities in research laboratories is looking up information specific to the species or strain of animal being used. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
Background although the mouse is the animal model most widely used to study the pathogenesis and treatment of human diseases, reference values for biochemical parameters are scanty or lacking for the most frequently used strains. There are over 3000 genetically defined strains, including. None of them have as long of an average lifespan as outbred mice. Th is manual describes breeding strategies and techniques for maintaining colonies of laboratory mice. Over 450 inbred strains of mice have been described, providing a wealth of different genotypes and phenotypes for genetic and other studies. The jackson laboratory for genomic medicine opens in farmington, ct.
Mice are used in a vast range of experiments, many of which are classified as fundamental research, investigating the physiology of mammals. Every one who comes here and tries to handle mice gets bitten even by tame mice, because of grasping the tail too tightly. There are advantages to using either outbred or inbred mouse strains depending on your research. Th ey are safe, reliable, economical, effi cient, and ensure that the mouse strains produced are genetically well defi ned. The result was a population boom, followed by such severe psychological. In 1909, clarence cook little created the first inbred mouse strain, dba, at the bussey institute at harvard university while at the same time, helen dean king created the first inbred rat strain, pa, at the wistar institute jacob and kwitek, 2002. Inbred micemice of a particular inbred strain result from a mini mum of 20 consecutive generations. Methodologyprincipal findings we measured by dry chemistry 26 analytes relative. Our mission is to discover precise genomic solutions for disease and empower the global biomedical community in the shared quest to improve human health. Nomenclature for mouse strains the jackson laboratory.
Th ese techniques have been developed and used by th e jackson laboratory for over 75 years. With inclusions of the newly revised european standards on laboratory animals, this will be the most current, global authority on the care of mice in laboratory research. Evolutionary relationships between laboratory mice and. Pdf the laboratory mouse and wild immunology researchgate. The c57bl6 mice are used for transgenic and knockout model development the wildtype c57bl6 mice are a good control, as well as, obesity and immunological studies. Chapter 1 the laboratory mouse mouse genome informatics. They are safe, reliable, economical, efficient, and ensure that the mouse strains. Based on these studies, dba2, b6c3f1 and balbc mice are good choices for continued evaluation as additional mouse strains for use in the llna. Although genetically defined is often equated with inbred strains, a genetically defined strain is any strain in which the genetic background is known, is similar or identical from one mouse to another, and can be faithfully reproduced over time. Mar 06, 2006 mice play a critical role in medical research.
Genetic monitoring of laboratory mice and rats sciencedirect. Selected blood serum biochemical indicators in twelve inbred. Take advantage of our large inventories of common inbred strains and the convenience of having your breeding and drug efficacy needs met by the leading experts in mouse modeling. The basic inbred strain experimentstrain differences capture genetic differences. Typically, these include diarrhea, poor growth, and death. The jackson laboratory handbook on genetically standardized mice. Agerelated reference intervals of the main biochemical and.
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