On the performance properties of the minkowski island fractal. Dual band minkowski fractal antenna for maritime radio. Since the radiation pattern of the minkowski fractal antenna is uniform and identical to that of a traditional hwd antenna, it can be used in nearly any type of wireless communications receiver. Antenna configurations to be created, such as in figure 2, is the monopole antenna square patch with fractal geometry of minkowski on a modified at second iteration and on its groundplane. The optimised minkowski island fractal structure combined with the central window is used to design the radiation surface to reduce the size and adjust the resonance frequencies of the antenna. Here the inventor of fractal antennas, with more than 50 years of antenna experience, scientifically debunks a study that claims that fractal antennas work worse. Abstractfractal microstrip antenna consists an irregular pattren on patch that can meet the requirements of designing a multiband, wideband, low profile and small antenna. Dual band david fractal microstrip patch antenna for gsm. Hybrid fractal antenna using meander and minkowski curves. This hybrid generator curve is then superimposed on moore curve to get.
In addition, because of the symmetry of electric field distribution in. Minkowski and hilbert curves based hybrid fractal antenna for. Figure 2b shows the results of applying the minkowski fractal operator to each side of the square patch antenna in two iterations. Ecommunication system department of electronics and communication engineering sri venkateswara college of engineering dr. This study presents an antenna design that operates at the three bands of the global positioning system gps receiver.
The return loss variations with frequency of the first iterated level david fractal antenna shows dual band characteristics. Frequency tuned minkowski island fractals rhcp antenna. Design and realization of minkowski fractal antenna dual band. Then, three units of dmssrr had been added to the front side of the minkowski fractal antenna. The generation of the cohen minkowski structure is also presented in this chapter. Jalal a miniaturized multiband minkowskilike prefractal patch antenna for gps and 3g imt2000 handsets, asian journal of information.
Feb 24, 20 fractal antenna anintroduction fractal antenna theory a new area fractal means broken or irregular fragments family of complex shapes that possess an inherent self similarity or self affinity in their geometrical structure came from unique occurances in nature 4. The antenna was designed, and simulated by hfss computer code, and was fabricated. This hexagon shaped dual band david fractal microstrip patch antenna resonates at 1. A mems broadband microstrip patch antenna based on minkowski fractal boundary is designed. Ultra wideband octagonal fractal antenna using minkowski. The theoretical analysis, design procedures, as well as the experimental results confirms. Jaafar 3 1college of science, babylon university hilla, iraq, email. Dual band david fractal microstrip patch antenna for gsm and. Hilbert curve is used as complementary split ring resonator to investigate the effect of the fractal. Design and realization of minkowski fractal antenna dual. The term fractal and fractal dimensions were coined by b.
Fractal antenna fractal term was first coined by benoit mandelbrot in 1983 to classify the structure whose dimensions were not whole numbers. Figure 5 shows the 3d view of radiation pattern in theta component of conventional microstrip patch antenna. Consequently, during our research, we are going to focus, explore, and investigate the wide band fractal patch antenna with modified ground plane. Monopole antenna with modified minkowski fractal geometry for umts, wlan, and mobile wimax application, progress in electromagnetic research, pier 89, 5774, 2009 15 orban d. Another example of a fractal set, is the koch snowflake. A historic overview of the most significant fractal mathematic pioneers is presented, at the same time showing how the fractal patterns inspired engineers to design antennas. Minkowski fractal microstrip antenna for rfid tags. Todays world, multiband antenna has immensely beneficial for fulfill the requirements of wireless communication. In chapter 3 fractal antennas are introduced and its geometries are described. The first fractal antennas were, in fact, fractal arrays, with fractal arrangements of antenna elements, and not recognized initially as having selfsimilarity as their attribute. The antenna was designed, and simulated by hfss computer code, and was fabricated on microwave laminate fr4epoxy by fast laser prototyping. Design and analysis of hexagon microstrip patch sierpinski.
The first work is started by designing a normal minkowski patch antenna. Design of a small modified minkowski fractal antenna for. Antenna, microstrip, fractal, minkowski, dual band. Design of a mems broadband microstrip patch antenna based. We introduce some important properties of fractal arrays, including the frequencyindependent multiband characteristics, schemes for realizing lowsidelobe designs, systematic approaches to. We then repeat that same process on each triangle this is the iteration method that will give rise to the fractal. Fractal antenna anintroduction fractal antenna theory a new area fractal means broken or irregular fragments family of complex shapes that possess an inherent. The rectangular patch antenna is analyzed, and what is learned here will be applied to understanding pifas planar invertedf antennas.
In the field of antenna engineering, fractal geometry is useful to design small and multiband antenna and arrays, and highdirective elements. The center frequency will be approximately given by. Koch island fractal patch antenna kifpa for wideband applications. The above equation says that the microstrip antenna should have a length equal to one half of a wavelength within the dielectric substrate medium.
Design and realization of minkowski fractal antenna dual band at. The cst simulated results show that when minkowski fractal microstrip antenna is designed, the antenna operates with two frequency bands for return loss of19. By applying the same procedure on m1, the minkowski island fractal of second iteration m2 is obtained. The antenna consists of a square patch with the patch width ws, the feeder to match the impedance. Aperturecoupled antenna, minkowski fractal antenna, particle swarm optimization, rfid. The conventional microstrip patch antenna has single band in which its return loss is25. The proposed antenna resonates at five frequencies 1. Jothilakshmi associate professor department of electronics and communication engineering. It is named after the german mathematician hermann minkowski and the french mathematician georges. Fractal antenna arrays and fractal shaped antenna elements have evolved in 1990s. The generator curve is created by adding minkowski curve and invert of koch curve. Figure b shows the results of applying the minkowski fractal operator to each side of the square patch antenna in. Fractal antennas for wireless communication systems.
Iteration 2 of the evolution from bowtie to fractal antenna. Decreasing the length of di can make move to high frequency, as shown in figure 8b according to the above principle, the resonant frequency of antenna can be determined by adjusting the length of di and dj according to users needs. It used minkowski fractal structure as the radiation patch and the high performance ceramic material to reduce the antenna size, then improve it with rectangular joint structure. Proposed antenna is designed on fr4 glass epoxy substrate with thickness 1. Pdf minkowski fractal microstrip antenna for rfid tags. The hfss v software is used to design and simulate the proposed fractal antenna. Figure5 shows the 3d view of radiation pattern in theta component of conventional microstrip patch antenna. Comparison between simulated gain of conventional microstrip patch and minkowski fractal antennas. An overview of the literature on the use of fractals in antenna engineering is given next. Individual hilbert curve based antenna is shown in fig. Modified minkowski fractal patch antenna for multiband gps.
In the hybrid fractal design, the frequencies can be shifted according to the length of edges of the patch. In the present paper a detailed study of a new compacted hexagon microstrip patch antenna using fractal ground plane and shorting pin is presented. Fractal patch antenna for aerospacenavigation authorstream. Fractal antenna elements the fractal concept can be used to reduce antenna size, such as the koch dipole, koch monopole, koch loop, and minkowski loop. Performance characteristics of the minkowski curve fractal. The available fractal geometries are koch, minkowski, mendar, hilbert. Figure 9 show the s 11 characteristics for the second iteration minkowski fractal patch antenna when b 0.
These two fractal geometries were combined to form a hybrid fractal antenna. A modified minkowski fractal geometry for multiband operation is presented in 11. The copolar and crosspolar patterns of the second iteration minkowski fractal patch antennas when a 1 a 2 0. A design of microstrip patch antenna using hybrid fractal slot for. Then different p on the influence on the broadband performance of the antenna is discussed. Design and simulation of rfid aperture coupled fractal. Generally by using the minkowski method one can perform th iteration by dividing a straight segment into five subsegments with the following constraint. Design of a small modified minkowski fractal antenna for passive. The superior hpbw performance of the minkowski fractal antenna over the hwd antenna is another benefit of the design. A new compact dual band gps patch antenna design based.
This antenna can be used for c band, s band and x band. International journal of antennas and propagation hindawi. There are different shapes and types of antennas designed for the variations in antenna characteristics. Return loss curve of minkowski fractal antenna 5 compact multiband fractal antenna works on 2. The frequency of operation of the patch antenna of figure 1 is determined by the length l. A fractal antenna uses a selfsimilar design to maximize the length of a material in a total surface area. The design process starts by a simple hexagon patch antenna fed by a microstrip line and simulated in the frequency range of 3. The fabricated prototype of the david fractal antenna is shown in figure 3. An air layer is designed in the antennas high resistance silicon substrate by mems technology and microstrip patch antenna with second degree iteration minkowski fractal boundary is simulated. As one of the key technology of rfid, the antenna design decides the rfid system performance. Koch island fractal patch antenna kifpa for wideband. One foreseen associated problem with the antenna design for airplanes is that a single antenna supports multiple frequencies and consumes less space hence a fractal patch antenna is designed in this thesis work that has desired multiband resonance and compact profile. Hybrid fractal antenna using meander and minkowski curves for. It should be pointed out that the area of m1 is 37.
This paper presents the comparison of existing fractal antennas with the proposed fractal antenna on the basis of performance parameters such as return loss and gain. Jaafer 3 1college of science, babylon university, hilla, iraq email. Antenna designers are always looking to come up with new ideas to push the envelope for antennas, using a smaller volume while striving for every higher bandwidth and antenna gain. Design and simulation of compact dualband microstrip. One proposed method of increasing bandwidth or shrinking antenna size is via the use of fractal geometry, which gives rise to fractal antennas. Contributions in this study, a new type of printed fractal modify koch island patch antenna is proposed. Microstrip patch antenna with fractal shaped structure is a decent answer. Considering a square patch antenna initially, the length of the initial patch antenna, can be approximated with transmission line theory as. The design of fractal minkowski patch antenna begins from the design. Design of a mems broadband microstrip patch antenna based on. In, f shaped fractal antenna structure has been used whereas in 8 tshaped fractal microstrip antenna has been designed for wireless networks. Minkowski fractal antenna design with dmssrr and dgssrr.
In 14, the antenna has been designed using minkowski fractal patch for 5. The starting geometry of the minkowski fractal antenna is the initiator square patch, and the successive iterations of fractal antenna is obtained by replacing each of the four straight sides of the starting structure with the generator with indentation as shown in the figure 3. While the minkowski fractal antenna has gain for dual bands, for example 7. Moore, minkowski and koch curves based hybrid fractal antenna. Jul 21, 2016 here the inventor of fractal antennas, with more than 50 years of antenna experience, scientifically debunks a study that claims that fractal antennas work worse. Modified minkowski fractal patch antenna for multiband gps receiver. Design and performance study of modified minkowski island fractal patch antenna for various wireless. Minkowski fractal patch antenna is shown in figure 3.
In this paper, hybrid fractal antenna hfa is designed using three popular fractal curves koch, minkowski and moore. The pattern cut is orthogonal to the plane of the loop fig. Fractal geometry has been proven to be useful in several disciplines. It used minkowski fractal structure as the radiation patch and the high performance ceramic material to reduce the antenna size, then improve it with rectangular joint structure in the antenna s ground plate. The design of ceramic minkowski fractal antenna scientific. On the performance properties of the minkowski island. Minkowski and hilbert curves based hybrid fractal antenna. Research article design of a small modified minkowski fractal.
Or, it can be used to achieve multiple bandwidth and increase bandwidth of each single band due to the selfsimilarity in the geometry, such as the sierpinski dipole, cantor slot patch, and. Firstly, the resonant frequency of the rectangular substrate integrated waveguide resonator is reduced by etching the fractal gap in the resonator to achieve miniaturization. Moore, minkowski and koch curves based hybrid fractal. One of the properties of fractals geometry is that it can have an infinite length while fitting in a fin. Prior to fabrication, better performance parameters such as return loss, radiation pattern, gain, current distribution, impedance, vswr are achieved. Patch antennas made by generating an initial model generator. A comparison of minkowski, compact multiband and microstrip. Even though the theory behind fractal antennas is quite complex, their. Jun 02, 2017 in the present paper a detailed study of a new compacted hexagon microstrip patch antenna using fractal ground plane and shorting pin is presented. After that, a pair of dgssrr had been added to the ground plane of the antenna. The minkowski island fractal of one iteration m1 is formed by displacing the middle third of each side by some fraction of. Analysis of the patch antenna based on the sierpinski fractal.
Minkowski fractal curve gives its contribution to make antenna multiband. Similarly, increasing the diagonal length di of the fractal patch in figure 4b can increase the resonance length of mode b and make move to low frequency. The fractal geometry used here is sierpinski carpets method. It is named after the german mathematician hermann minkowski and the french mathematician georges bouligand to calculate this dimension for a fractal. Objective to provide a study of different fractal antenna with an overview of recent developments 3. Various other fractal geometries that have been explored in the previous works by researchers include the koch snowflake fractal monopole antenna, a rhombic patch monopole antenn awith modified minkowski fractal geometry, a novel broadband fractal sierpinski shaped microstrip antenna, a wideband sierpinski shaped slot antenna and the. The simulated results show that the optimized fractal antenna has less than 37 db return loss, more than 65% reduction in patch area and, more than 4 db gains. Iteration 2 makes for 18 total triangles that make up the antenna. Design and analysis of fractal antennas for wideband. Design and analysis of square patch fractal antenna for cband application a.
A new compact dual band gps patch antenna design based on. In this section, well discuss the microstrip antenna, which is also commonly referred to as the patch antenna. Design and analysis of fractal antennas for wideband applications. A novel quartermode substrate integrated waveguide miniaturized cavitybacked antenna loading minkowski fractal gap is presented in this paper. Microstrip patch antenna, minkowski fractal antenna. Microstrip, patch and monopole antennas are also referred in chapter 2. Mpa is a simple patch antenna which consists of radiated patch component. Multiband patch antenna structure based on minkowski prefractal geometry, journal of engineering and applied sciences, jeas, vol. Design and simulation of rfid aperture coupled fractal antennas. Ill use the terms microstrip antenna and patch antenna interchangeably.
The generation of the cohenminkowski structure is also presented in this chapter. While discussing fractal shapes, minkowski is the most known fractal shape used. Journal of computingdesign and simulation of miniaturized. Iteration 1 of the evolution from bowtie to fractal antenna. This paper designed a ceramic minkowski fractal antenna used in rfid system. Design and analysis of square patch fractal antenna for c.
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